UEFA Champions League 2025/2026 – Group Stage (Matchday 2)

30 September 2025

Atalanta BC – Club Brugge
Referee: Espen Eskas NOR (photo)
Assistant Referee 1: Jan Engan NOR
Assistant Referee 2: Isaak Bashevkin NOR
Fourth Official: Rohit Saggi NOR
VAR: Bastian Dankert GER
AVAR: Sören Storks GER
Referee Observer: Stéphane Lannoy FRA

Qairat FK – Real Madrid
Referee: Marco Guida ITA
Assistant Referee 1: Giorgio Peretti ITA
Assistant Referee 2: Giuseppe Perrotti ITA
Fourth Official: Simone Sozza ITA
VAR: Marco Di Bello ITA
AVAR: Aleandro Di Paolo ITA
Referee Observer: Dejan Filipović SRB

Inter Milano – Slavia Praha
Referee: Christopher Kavanagh ENG
Assistant Referee 1: Daniel Cook ENG
Assistant Referee 2: Ian Hussin ENG
Fourth Official: Robert Jones ENG
VAR: Jarred Gillett ENG
AVAR: Tiago Martins POR
Referee Observer: Uno Tutk EST

Chelsea – Benfica
Referee: Daniel Siebert GER
Assistant Referee 1: Jan Siedel GER
Assistant Referee 2: Rafael Foltyn GER
Fourth Official: Sascha Stegemann GER
VAR: Christian Dingert GER
AVAR: Tomasz Kwiatkowski POL
Referee Observer: Vlado Svilokos CRO

Bodo Glimt – Tottenham Hotspur
Referee: Ivan Kružliak SVK
Assistant Referee 1: Branislav Hancko SVK
Assistant Referee 2: Jan Pozor SVK
Fourth Official: Peter Kralović SVK
VAR: Bram Van Driessche BEL
AVAR: Bert Put BEL
Referee Observer: Alexandru Deaconu ROU

Olympique de Marseille – AFC Ajax
Referee: Anthony Taylor ENG
Assistant Referee 1: Gary Beswick ENG
Assistant Referee 2: Adam Nunn ENG
Fourth Official: John Brooks ENG
VAR: Michael Salisbury ENG
AVAR: Carlos Del Cerro Grande ESP
Referee Observer: Edgar Steinborn GER

Galatasaray – Liverpool
Referee: Clément Turpin FRA
Assistant Referee 1: Nicolas Danos FRA
Assistant Referee 2: Benjamin Pages FRA
Fourth Official: Jérémy Stinat FRA
VAR: Jérôme Brisard FRA
AVAR: Mathieu Vernice FRA
Referee Observer: Bernardino González Vázquez ESP

Pafos FC – Bayern Munchen
Referee: Manfredas Lukjančukas LTU
Assistant Referee 1: Mangirdas Mirauskas LTU
Assistant Referee 2: Aleksandras Stepanovas LTU
Fourth Official: Vilius Paulauskas LTU
VAR: Guillermo Cuadra Fernández ESP
AVAR: Javier Iglesias Villanueva ESP
Referee Observer: László Vagner HUN

Atletico de Madrid – Eintracht Frankfurt
Referee: Slavko Vinčić SVN
Assistant Referee 1: Tomaž Klančnik SVN
Assistant Referee 2: Andraz Kovačič SVN
Fourth Official: Matej Jug SVN
VAR: Alen Borošak SVN
AVAR: Pol van Boekel NED
Referee Observer: Leslie Irvine NIR

1 October 2025
Union St. Gilloise – Newcastle United
Referee: Urs Schnyder SUI
Assistant Referee 1: Marco Zürcher SUI
Assistant Referee 2: Benjamin Zürcher SUI
Fourth Official: Sven Wolfensberger SUI
VAR: Fedayi San SUI
AVAR: Lukas Fähndrich SUI
Referee Observer: Nicola Rizzoli ITA

FK Qarabag – FC Copenhagen
Referee: Serdar Gözübüyük NED
Assistant Referee 1: Erwin Zeinstra NED
Assistant Referee 2: Patrick Inia NED
Fourth Official: Jannick Van Der Laan NED
VAR: Rob Dieperink NED
AVAR: Jeroen Manschot NED
Referee Observer: Sokol Jareci ALB

Arsenal – Olympiacos
Referee: François Letexier FRA
Assistant Referee 1: Cyril Mugnier FRA
Assistant Referee 2: Mehdi Rahmouni FRA
Fourth Official: Eric Wattellier FRA
VAR: Sören Storks GER
AVAR: Ivan Bebek CRO
Referee Observer: Markus Nobs SUI

Bayer Leverkusen – PSV Eindhoven
Referee: Glenn Nyberg SWE
Assistant Referee 1: Mahbod Beigi SWE
Assistant Referee 2: Andreas Söderkvist SWE
Fourth Official: Adam Ladebäck SWE
VAR: Carlos Del Cerro Grande ESP
AVAR: Alen Borošak SVN
Referee Observer: Darko Čeferin SVN

Villarreal – Juventus
Referee: István Kovács ROU
Assistant Referee 1: Mihai Marica ROU
Assistant Referee 2: Ferencz Tunyogi ROU
Fourth Official: Szabolcs Kovacs ROU
VAR: Cătălin Popa ROU
AVAR: Christian Dingert GER
Referee Observer: Stefan Johannesson SWE

SSC Napoli – Sporting CP
Referee: Danny Makkelie NED
Assistant Referee 1: Hessel Steegstra NED
Assistant Referee 2: Jan de Vries NED
Fourth Official: Allard Lindhout NED
VAR: Tomasz Kwiatkowski POL
AVAR: Michael Salisbury ENG
Referee Observer: Martin Hansson SWE

AS Monaco – Manchester City
Referee: Jesús Gil Manzano ESP
Assistant Referee 1: Ángel Nevado Rodriguez ESP
Assistant Referee 2: Guadalupe Porras Ayuso ESP
Fourth Official: José Munuera Montero ESP
VAR: César Soto Grado ESP
AVAR: Alejandro Hernández Hernández ESP
Referee Observer: Stefano Podeschi SMR

Borussia Dortmund – Athletic Club
Referee: Szymon Marciniak POL
Assistant Referee 1: Tomasz Listkiewicz POL
Assistant Referee 2: Adam Kupsik POL
Fourth Official: Wojciech Myc POL
VAR: Pol van Boekel NED
AVAR: Tiago Martins POR
Referee Observer: Martin Ingvarsson SWE

FC Barcelona – Paris St. Germain
Referee: Michael Oliver ENG
Assistant Referee 1: Stuart Burt ENG
Assistant Referee 2: James Mainwaring ENG
Fourth Official: Andrew Madley ENG
VAR: Jarred Gillett ENG
AVAR: Bastian Dankert GER
Referee Observer: Stefan Messner AUT

FIFA U-20 World Cup 2025 – Group Stage (Matches 9-16)

29 September 2025

France – South Africa
Referee: Joao Pinheiro POR (photo)
Assistant Referee 1: Bruno Jesus POR
Assistant Referee 2: Luciano Maia POR
Fourth Official: Dario Herrera ARG
Reserve AR: Cristian Navarro ARG

Norway – Nigeria
Referee: Joseph Dickerson USA
Assistant Referee 1: Cameron Blanchard USA
Assistant Referee 2: Logan Brown USA
Fourth Official: Maurizio Mariani ITA
Reserve AR: Abu Al Amri OMA

USA – New Caledonia
Referee: Omar Artan SOM
Assistant Referee 1: Gilbert Cheruiyot KEN
Assistant Referee 2: Abelmiro Montenegro ANG
Fourth Official: Jose Sanchez Martínez ESP
Reserve AR: Raul Cabanero Martínez ESP

Colombia – Saudi Arabia
Referee: Youcef Gamouh ALG
Assistant Referee 1: Khalil Hassan TUN
Assistant Referee 2: Eric Ayimavo BEN
Fourth Official: Maurizio Mariani ITA
Reserve AR: Abu Al Amri OMA

30 September 2025
Egypt – New Zealand
Referee: Khalid Al Turais KSA
Assistant Referee 1: Mohammed Al Abakry KSA
Assistant Referee 2: Abdulrahim Al Shammari KSA
Fourth Official: Nazmi Nasaruddin MAS
Reserve AR: Khalil Tan MAS

Panama – Ukraine
Referee: Kevin Ortega PER
Assistant Referee 1: Michael Orue PER
Assistant Referee 2: Jesus Sanchez PER
Fourth Official: Omar Artan SOM
Reserve AR: Rashid Al Ghaithi OMA

Chile – Japan
Referee: Jalal Jayed MAR
Assistant Referee 1: Lahsen Azgaou MAR
Assistant Referee 2: Mostafa Akarkad MAR
Fourth Official: Joao Pinheiro POR
Reserve AR: Luciano Maia POR

Korea – Paraguay
Referee: Irfan Peljto BIH
Assistant Referee 1: Senad Ibrišimbegović BIH
Assistant Referee 2: Davor Beljo BIH
Fourth Official: Katia García MEX
Reserve AR: Sandra Ramírez MEX

UEFA Youth League 2025/2026 – Domestic Champions Path, Round 1 (Second Leg)

30 September 2025

Buducnost Podgorica – Haverfordwest AFC
Referee: Giorgi Avazashvili GEO (photo)
Assistant Referee 1: Zviad Bliadze GEO
Assistant Referee 2: Giorgi Gogokhia GEO
Fourth Official: Nikola Cvijović MNE

Dynamo Minsk – Ordabasy FK

Referee: Kyriakos Athanasíou CYP

Assistant Referee 1: Iráklis Komodrómos CYP

Assistant Referee 2: Giórgos Kondemeniótis CYP

Fourth Official: Danil Gorda KAZ

1 October 2025
KA Akureyri – FS Jelgava
Referee: Karl Koppel EST
Assistant Referee 1: Riivo Stolts EST
Assistant Referee 2: Thor Vaas EST
Fourth Official: Sveinn Arnarsson ISL

KF Skenderbeu – Inter D’Escaldes
Referee: Simon Bourdeaud’hui BEL
Assistant Referee 1: Michael Geerolf BEL
Assistant Referee 2: Jonas Van Dyck BEL
Fourth Official: Gerard Çokaj ALB

Lincoln Red Imps – Naxxar Lions
Referee: Jérémy Muller LUX
Assistant Referee 1: Tom Hansen LUX
Assistant Referee 2: Johnny Santos LUX
Fourth Official: Timothy Reoch GIB

Rabotnicki – Shelbourne
Referee: Marek Radina CZE
Assistant Referee 1: Petr Kotalík CZE
Assistant Referee 2: Marek Bělák CZE
Fourth Official: Plarent Salihi MKD

Dinamo Tbilisi – Zrinjski Mostar
Referee: Ashot Ghaltakhchyan ARM
Assistant Referee 1: Khachatur Hovhannisyan ARM
Assistant Referee 2: Arman Hakobjanyan ARM
Fourth Official: Koba Revazashvili GEO

Union Letzeburg – Larne FC
Referee: Jóhan Ellefsen FRO
Assistant Referee 1: Jógvan Breckmann FRO
Assistant Referee 2: Djóni Jacobsen FRO
Fourth Official: Cédric Biever LUX

HJK Helsinki – Be1 NFA
Referee: Roman Jitari MDA
Assistant Referee 1: Victor Luchița MDA
Assistant Referee 2: Pavel Gulevici MDA
Fourth Official: Matti Roth FIN

Vikingur – Narva Trans
Referee: Aléxandros Tsakalídis GRE
Assistant Referee 1: Vasílios Nikolakákis GRE
Assistant Referee 2: Ángelos Kolliákos GRE
Fourth Official: Høgni Madsen FRO

UEFA Youth League 2025/2026 – Group Stage (Matchday 2)

30 September 2025

Qairat FK – Real Madrid
Referee: Zorbay Küçük TUR (photo)
Assistant Referee 1: Mehmet Kisal TUR
Assistant Referee 2: Orhun Duran TUR
Fourth Official: Säken Baiymbet KAZ

Bodo Glimt – Tottenham Hotspur
Referee: Granit Maqedonci SWE
Assistant Referee 1: Marcus Klitte SWE
Assistant Referee 2: Andreas Svensson SWE
Fourth Official: Johan Grundt NOR

Pafos FC – Bayern Munchen
Referee: David Dickinson SCO
Assistant Referee 1: Jonathan Bell SCO
Assistant Referee 2: Alastair David Taylor SCO
Fourth Official: Konstantínos Neofýtou CYP

Atalanta BC – Club Brugge
Referee: Danilo Nikolić SRB
Assistant Referee 1: Bojan Tomović SRB
Assistant Referee 2: Aleksandar Vladić SRB
Fourth Official: Luca Zufferli ITA

Galatasaray – Liverpool
Referee: João Gonçalves POR
Assistant Referee 1: Tiago Costa POR
Assistant Referee 2: André Dias POR
Fourth Official: Oğuzhan Gökçen TUR

Olympique de Marseille – AFC Ajax
Referee: Daniel Higraff NOR
Assistant Referee 1: Alf Rossland NOR
Assistant Referee 2: Tom Grønevik NOR
Fourth Official: Florent Batta FRA

Inter Milano – Slavia Praha
Referee: Márton Rúsz HUN
Assistant Referee 1: Gergő Vígh-Tarsonyi HUN
Assistant Referee 2: Bence Belicza HUN
Fourth Official: Valerio Crezzini ITA

Chelsea – Benfica
Referee: Marc Nagtegaal NED
Assistant Referee 1: Roy de Nas NED
Assistant Referee 2: Murat Kücükerbir NED
Fourth Official: James Durkin ENG

Atletico de Madrid – Eintracht Frankfurt
Referee: Konstantínos Fellás CYP
Assistant Referee 1: Charálambos Georgíou CYP
Assistant Referee 2: Giórgos Charalámbous CYP
Fourth Official: Álvaro Rodríguez Recio ESP

1 October 2025
Villarreal – Juventus
Referee: Chrístos Vergétis GRE
Assistant Referee 1: Andréas Fotópoulos GRE
Assistant Referee 2: Konstantínos Stáikos GRE
Fourth Official: Borja Guijarro Colomer ESP

FK Qarabag – FC Copenhagen
Referee: Amine Kourgheli BLR
Assistant Referee 1: Juryj Chomčanka BLR
Assistant Referee 2: Viktar Hiecikaŭ BLR
Fourth Official: Farid Haciyev AZE

Arsenal – Olympiacos
Referee: Matteo Marcenaro ITA
Assistant Referee 1: Khaled Bahri ITA
Assistant Referee 2: Andrea Bianchini ITA
Fourth Official: Farai Hallam ENG

Bayer Leverkusen – PSV Eindhoven
Referee: Helgi Jónasson ISL
Assistant Referee 1: Egill Gudlaugsson ISL
Assistant Referee 2: Gudmundur Bjarnason ISL
Fourth Official: Patrick Schwengers GER

SSC Napoli – Sporting CP
Referee: Edgars Malcevs LVA
Assistant Referee 1: Martinš Svipsts LVA
Assistant Referee 2: Deniss Ševčenko LVA
Fourth Official: Alberto Arena ITA

Union St. Gilloise – Newcastle United
Referee: Menélaos Antoníou CYP
Assistant Referee 1: Iráklis Komodrómos CYP
Assistant Referee 2: Giórgos Kondemeniótis CYP
Fourth Official: Michael Allaerts BEL

AS Monaco – Manchester City
Referee: Mikkel Redder DEN
Assistant Referee 1: Deniz Yurdakul DEN
Assistant Referee 2: René Risum DEN
Fourth Official: Ahmed Taleb FRA

Borussia Dortmund – Athletic Club
Referee: Patrik Kolarić CRO
Assistant Referee 1: Luka Pajić CRO
Assistant Referee 2: Ivan Starčević CRO
Fourth Official: Felix Bickel GER

FC Barcelona – Paris St. Germain
Referee: Antoni Bandić BIH
Assistant Referee 1: Nebojša Žugić BIH
Assistant Referee 2: Amir Kadić BIH
Fourth Official: David López Jiménez ESP

FIFA U-20 World Cup 2025 – Group Stage (Matches 1-8)

27 September 2025

Japan – Egypt
Referee: Dario Herrera ARG (photo)
Assistant Referee 1: Cristian Navarro ARG
Assistant Referee 2: Jose Savorani ARG
Fourth Official: Joao Pinheiro POR
Reserve AR: Bruno Jesus POR

Korea – Ukraine
Referee: Keylor Herrera CRC
Assistant Referee 1: William Chow CRC
Assistant Referee 2: Victor Ramirez CRC
Fourth Official: Jalal Jayed MAR
Reserve AR: Lahsen Azgaou MAR

Chile – New Zealand
Referee: Irfan Peljto BIH
Assistant Referee 1: Senad Ibrisimbegović BIH
Assistant Referee 2: Davor Beljo BIH
Fourth Official: Joseph Dickerson USA
Reserve AR: Cameron Blanchard USA

Paraguay – Panama
Referee: Jose Sanchez Martinez ESP
Assistant Referee 1: Raul Cabanero Martinez ESP
Assistant Referee 2: Inigo Prieto Lopez ESP
Fourth Official: Omar Artan SOM
Reserve AR: Gilbert Cheruiyot KEN

28 September 2025
Morocco – Spain
Referee: Gustavo Tejera URU
Assistant Referee 1: Carlos Barreiro URU
Assistant Referee 2: Agustin Berisso URU
Fourth Official: Keylor Herrera CRC
Reserve AR: William Chow CRC

Italy – Australia
Referee: Katia García MEX
Assistant Referee 1: Sandra Ramírez MEX
Assistant Referee 2: Karen Díaz MEX
Fourth Official: Jalal Jayed MAR
Reserve AR: Mostafa Akarkad MAR

Brazil – Mexico
Referee: Maurizio Mariani ITA
Assistant Referee 1: Daniele Bindoni ITA
Assistant Referee 2: Alberto Tegoni ITA
Fourth Official: Irfan Peljto BIH
Reserve AR: Senad Ibrišimbegović BIH

Cuba – Argentina
Referee: Nazmi Nasaruddin MAS
Assistant Referee 1: Khalil Tan MAS 

Assistant Referee 2: Mohamad Zainal MAS
Fourth Official: Khalid Al-Turais KSA
Reserve AR: Mohammed Al-Bakry KSA

UEFA Europa League 2025/2026 – Group Stage (Matchday 1)

24 September 2025

FC Midtjylland – Sturm Graz
Referee: Orel Grinfeld ISR (photo)
Assistant Referee 1: Roi Hassan ISR
Assistant Referee 2: Matityahu Yakobov ISR
Fourth Official: Gal Leibovitz ISR
VAR: Tamás Bognár HUN
AVAR: Clay Ruperti NED
Referee Observer: Stephen Tanner ENG

PAOK Salonic – Maccabi Tel Aviv
Referee: Sven Jablonski GER
Assistant Referee 1: Eduard Beitinger GER
Assistant Referee 2: Lasse Koslowski GER
Fourth Official: Robin Braun GER
VAR: Robert Schröder GER
AVAR: Johann Pfeifer GER
Referee Observer: Matteo Trefoloni ITA

Malmo FF – PFK Ludogorets
Referee: Manfredas Lukjančukas LTU
Assistant Referee 1: Mangirdas Mirauskas LTU
Assistant Referee 2: Aleksandras Stepanovas LTU
Fourth Official: Mindaugas Jackus LTU
VAR: Stuart Attwell ENG
AVAR: Kevin Clancy SCO
Referee Observer: Gylfi Orrason ISL

OGC Nice – AS Roma
Referee: Guillermo Cuadra Fernández ESP
Assistant Referee 1: José Naranjo Pérez ESP
Assistant Referee 2: Iván Massó Granado ESP
Fourth Official: Mateo Busquets Ferrer ESP
VAR: Carlos Del Cerro Grande ESP
AVAR: César Soto Grado ESP
Referee Observer: Murat Ilgaz TUR

SC Freiburg – FC Basel
Referee: Luís Godinho POR
Assistant Referee 1: Rui Teixeira POR
Assistant Referee 2: Pedro Mota POR
Fourth Official: Fábio Veríssimo POR
VAR: Tiago Martins POR
AVAR: Ángelos Evangélou GRE
Referee Observer: Fredy Fautrel FRA

SC Braga – Feyenoord Rotterdam
Referee: Nikola Dabanović MNE
Assistant Referee 1: Vladan Todorović MNE
Assistant Referee 2: Srdjan Jovanović MNE
Fourth Official: Miloš Bošković MNE
VAR: Momčilo Marković SRB
AVAR: Willy Delajod FRA
Referee Observer: Stávros Tritsónis GRE

GNK Dinamo – Fenerbahce
Referee: Jérôme Brisard FRA
Assistant Referee 1: Alexis Auger FRA
Assistant Referee 2: Erwan Finjean FRA
Fourth Official: Thomas Léonard FRA
VAR: Bastien Dechepy FRA
AVAR: Nicolas Rainville FRA
Referee Observer: David Fernández Borbalán ESP

Real Betis – Nottingham Forest
Referee: Sascha Stegemann GER
Assistant Referee 1: Christof Günsch GER
Assistant Referee 2: Marco Achmüller GER
Fourth Official: Martin Petersen GER
VAR: Sören Storks GER
AVAR: Benjamin Brand GER
Referee Observer: Lucílio Batista POR

Crvena Zvezda – Celtic FC
Referee: Radu Petrescu ROU
Assistant Referee 1: Radu Ghinguleac ROU
Assistant Referee 2: Mircea Grigoriu ROU
Fourth Official: Andrei Chivulete ROU
VAR: Michael Fabbri ITA
AVAR: Marcel Bîrsan ROU
Referee Observer: Helmut Fleischer GER

25 September 2025
LOSC Lille – SK Brann
Referee: Allard Lindhout NED
Assistant Referee 1: Rogier Honig NED
Assistant Referee 2: Johan Balder NED
Fourth Official: Jannick van der Laan NED
VAR: Clay Ruperti NED
AVAR: Tamás Bognár NED
Referee Observer: Paolo Valeri ITA

Go Ahad Eeagles – FCSB
Referee: Kristo Tohver EST
Assistant Referee 1: Silver Koiv EST
Assistant Referee 2: Sander Saga EST
Fourth Official: Kevin Kaivoja EST
VAR: Willy Delajod FRA
AVAR: Tiago Martins POR
Referee Observer: Lassin Isaksen FRO

Glasgow Rangers – KRC Genk
Referee: Matej Jug SVN
Assistant Referee 1: Matej Žunič SVN
Assistant Referee 2: Manuel Vidali SVN
Fourth Official: Mihael Antič SVN
VAR: Alen Borošak SVN
AVAR: Asmir Sagrković SVN
Referee Observer: Sergejus Slyva LTU

Red Bull Salzburg – FC Porto
Referee: Vasílios Fotiás GRE
Assistant Referee 1: Andréas Meindanás GRE
Assistant Referee 2: Michaíl Papadákis GRE
Fourth Official: Aléxandros Tsakalídis GRE
VAR: Ángelos Evangélou GRE
AVAR: Sören Storks GER
Referee Observer: Kóstas Kapitanís CYP

Aston Villa – BolognaFC 
Referee: Jesús Gil Manzano ESP
Assistant Referee 1: Ángel Nevado Rodríguez ESP
Assistant Referee 2: Guadalupe Porras Ayuso ESP
Fourth Official: José Munuera Montero ESP
VAR: César Soto Grado ESP
AVAR: Carlos Del Cerro Grande ESP
Referee Observer: Kýros Vassáras GRE

Ferencvarosi TC – Viktoria Plzen
Referee: Sander van der Eijk NED
Assistant Referee 1: Rens Bluemink NED
Assistant Referee 2: Stefan de Groot NED
Fourth Official: Marc Nagtegaal NED
VAR: Jeroen Manschot NED
AVAR: Erwin Blank NED
Referee Observer: Milorad Mažić SRB

BSC Young Boys – Panathinaikos
Referee: Ricardo De Burgos Bengoetxea ESP
Assistant Referee 1: Iker de Francisco Grijalba ESP
Assistant Referee 2: Alfredo Rodríguez Moreno ESP
Fourth Official: Alejandro Muñiz Ruiz ESP
VAR: Marco Di Bello ITA
AVAR: Javier Iglesias Villanueva ESP
Referee Observer: Gediminas Mažeika LTU

VfB Stuttgart – Celta de Vigo
Referee: Nicholas Walsh SCO
Assistant Referee 1: Francis Connor SCO
Assistant Referee 2: Ross Macleod SCO
Fourth Official: Christopher Graham SCO
VAR: Kevin Clancy SCO
AVAR: Stuart Attwell ENG
Referee Observer: Domagoj Vučkov CRO

FC Utrecht – Olympique Lyonnais
Referee: Horațiu Feșnic ROU
Assistant Referee 1: Valentin Avram ROU
Assistant Referee 2: Alexandru Cerei ROU
Fourth Official: Rareș Vidican ROU
VAR: Benjamin Brand GER
AVAR: Momčilo Marković SRB
Referee Observer: John Ward IRL

UEFA Champions League 2025/2026 – Group Stage (Matchday 1)

16 September 2025

PSV Eindhoven – Union St. Gilloise
Referee: Anthony Taylor ENG (photo)
Assistant Referee 1: Gary Beswick ENG
Assistant Referee 2: Adam Nunn ENG
Fourth Official: Robert Jones ENG
VAR: Michael Salisbury ENG
AVAR: Jarred Gillett ENG
Referee Observer: Luis Medina Cantalejo ESP

Athletic Club – Arsenal FC
Referee: Donatas Rumšas LTU
Assistant Referee 1: Aleksandr Radiuš LTU
Assistant Referee 2: Dovydas Sužiedėlis LTU
Fourth Official: Robertas Valikonis LTU
VAR: Pol van Boekel NED
AVAR: Tomasz Kwiatkowski POL
Referee Observer: Björn Kuipers NED

Real Madrid – Olympique de Marseille
Referee: Irfan Peljto BIH
Assistant Referee 1: Senad Ibrišimbegović BIH
Assistant Referee 2: Davor Beljo BIH
Fourth Official: Miloš Gigović BIH
VAR: Dennis Higler NED
AVAR: Christian Dingert GER
Referee Observer: Gianluca Rocchi ITA

SL Benfica – FK Qarabag
Referee: Erik Lambrechts BEL
Assistant Referee 1: Jo De Weirdt BEL
Assistant Referee 2: Kevin Monteny BEL
Fourth Official: Nathan Verboomen BEL
VAR: Bram Van Driessche BEL
AVAR: Fedayi San SUI
Referee Observer: Cüneyt Çakir TUR

Juventus Torino – Borussia Dortmund
Referee: François Letexier FRA
Assistant Referee 1: Cyril Mugnier FRA
Assistant Referee 2: Mehdi Rahmouni FRA
Fourth Official: Jérémie Pignard FRA
VAR: Jérôme Brisard FRA
AVAR: Willy Delajod FRA
Referee Observer: Hugh Dallas SCO

Tottenham Hotspur – Villarreal CF
Referee: Rade Obrenovič SVN
Assistant Referee 1: Jure Praprotnik SVN
Assistant Referee 2: Grega Kordež SVN
Fourth Official: David Šmajc SVN
VAR: Alen Borošak SVN
AVAR: Bastian Dankert GER
Referee Observer: Rune Pedersen NOR

17 September 2025
Olympiacos – Pafos
Referee: Istvan Kovacs ROU
Assistant Referee 1: Mihai Marica ROU
Assistant Referee 2: Ferencz Tunyogi ROU
Fourth Official: Szabolcs Kovacs ROU
VAR: Cătălin Popa ROU
AVAR: Marcel Bîrsan ROU
Referee Observer: Marinus Koopman NED

Slavia Praha – Bodo Glimt
Referee: Marian Barbu ROU
Assistant Referee 1: Mircea Grigoriu ROU
Assistant Referee 2: George Neacșu ROU
Fourth Official: Sebastian Colțescu ROU
VAR: Ivan Bebek CRO
AVAR: Ovidiu Hațegan ROU
Referee Observer: Juan Fernández Marín ESP

Paris St. Germain – Atalanta BC
Referee: Sandro Schärer SUI
Assistant Referee 1: Stéphane De Almeida SUI
Assistant Referee 2: Jonas Erni SUI
Fourth Official: Lionel Tschudi SUI
VAR: Bastian Dankert GER
AVAR: Fedayi San SUI
Referee Observer: Martin Atkinson ENG

Bayern Munchen – Chelsea FC
Referee: José Sánchez Martínez ESP
Assistant Referee 1: Raúl Cabañero Martínez ESP
Assistant Referee 2: Iñigo Prieto López ESP
Fourth Official: Guillermo Cuadra Fernández ESP
VAR: Carlos Del Cerro Grande ESP
AVAR: Rob Dieperink NED
Referee Observer: Ichko Lozev BUL

Liverpool FC – Atletico de Madrid
Referee: Maurizio Mariani ITA
Assistant Referee 1: Daniele Bindoni ITA
Assistant Referee 2: Alberto Tegoni ITA
Fourth Official: Matteo Marcenaro ITA
VAR: Marco Di Bello ITA
AVAR: Aleandro Di Paolo ITA
Referee Observer: Frank De Bleeckere BEL

AFC Ajax – Inter Milano
Referee: Michael Oliver ENG
Assistant Referee 1: Stuart Burt ENG
Assistant Referee 2: James Mainwaring ENG
Fourth Official: Samuel Barrott ENG
VAR: Jarred Gillett ENG
AVAR: Michael Salisbury ENG
Referee Observer: Karen Nalbandyan ARM

18 September 2025
Club Brugge – AS Monaco
Referee: Simone Sozza ITA
Assistant Referee 1: Alessio Berti ITA
Assistant Referee 2: Davide Imperiale ITA
Fourth Official: Davide Massa ITA
VAR: Aleandro Di Paolo ITA
AVAR: Carlos Del Cerro Grande ESP
Referee Observer: Howard Webb ENG

FC Copenhagen – Bayer Leverkusen
Referee: Aliyar Aghayev AZE
Assistant Referee 1: Zeynal Zeynalov AZE
Assistant Referee 2: Akif Amirali AZE
Fourth Official: Elçin Masiyev AZE
VAR: Rob Dieperink NED
AVAR: Alen Borošak SVN
Referee Observer: Elmir Pilav BIH

Manchester City – SSC Napoli
Referee: Felix Zwayer GER
Assistant Referee 1: Robert Kempter GER
Assistant Referee 2: Christian Dietz GER
Fourth Official: Florian Badstübner GER
VAR: Christian Dingert GER
AVAR: Bastian Dankert GER
Referee Observer: Marián Ružbarsky SVK

Eintracht Frankfurt – Galatasaray
Referee: Marco Guida ITA
Assistant Referee 1: Giorgio Peretti ITA
Assistant Referee 2: Giuseppe Perrotti ITA
Fourth Official: Daniele Chiffi ITA
VAR: Marco Di Bello ITA
AVAR: Dennis Higler NED
Referee Observer: Jon Eilif Skjervold NOR

Sporting CP – Qairat FK
Referee: Damian Sylwestrzak POL
Assistant Referee 1: Paweł Sokolnicki POL
Assistant Referee 2: Adam Karasewicz POL
Fourth Official: Marcin Kochanek POL
VAR: Tomasz Kwiatkowski POL
AVAR: Pol van Boekel NED
Referee Observer: Carlos Velasco Carballo ESP

Newcastle United – FC Barcelona
Referee: Glenn Nyberg SWE
Assistant Referee 1: Mahbod Beigi SWE
Assistant Referee 2: Andreas Söderkvist SWE
Fourth Official: Adam Ladebäck SWE
VAR: Jérôme Brisard FRA
AVAR: Bram Van Driessche BEL
Referee Observer: Jan Wegereef NED

FIFA Intercontinental Cup 2025 – Match 2 (African-Asian-Pacific Cup)

23 September 2025

Al Ahli SFC – Pyramids FC
Referee: Istvan Kovacs ROU (photo)
Assistant Referee 1: Mihai Marica ROU
Assistant Referee 2: Ferencz Tunyogi ROU
Fourth Official: Marian Barbu ROU
VAR: Dennis Higler NED
AVAR: Catalin Popa ROU

FIFA Intercontinental Cup 2025 – Match 1 (African-Asian-Pacific Cup Play-Off)

14 September 2025

Pyramids FC – Auckland City
Referee: Adham Makhadmeh JOR (photo)
Assistant Referee 1: Mohammad Al-Khalaf JOR
Assistant Referee 2: Ahmad Al-Ruwaili JOR
Fourth Official: Adel Al-Naqbi UAE
VAR: Mohammed Obaid UAE
AVAR: Easa Al-Hajeri UAE

FIFA World Cup 2026 Qualifiers – UEFA (Matchday 6)

7 September 2025

Georgia – Bulgaria
Referee: Glenn Nyberg SWE (photo)
Assistant Referee 1: Mahbod Beigi SWE
Assistant Referee 2: Daniel Yng SWE
Fourth Official: Adam Ladebäck SWE
VAR: Pol van Boekel NED
AVAR: Erwin Blank NED
Referee Observer: László Vágner HUN

Lithuania – Netherlands
Referee: Elçin Masiyev AZE
Assistant Referee 1: Elşad Abdullayev AZE
Assistant Referee 2: Parvin Talibov AZE
Fourth Official: Aliyar Aghayev AZE
VAR: Benoît Millot FRA
AVAR: Mathieu Vernice FRA
Referee Observer: Martin Ingvarsson SWE

North Macedonia – Liechtenstein
Referee: Horațiu Feșnic ROU
Assistant Referee 1: Valentin Avram ROU
Assistant Referee 2: Alexandru Cerei ROU
Fourth Official: Marian Barbu ROU
VAR: Ovidiu Hațegan ROU
AVAR: Sorin Costreie ROU
Referee Observer: Rien Koopman NED

Germany – Northern Ireland
Referee: Espen Eskas NOR
Assistant Referee 1: Jan Engan NOR
Assistant Referee 2: Anders Dale NOR
Fourth Official: Sigurd Kringstad NOR
VAR: Marco Di Bello ITA
AVAR: Tom Hagen NOR
Referee Observer: Iain Robertson Brines SCO

Luxembourg – Slovakia
Referee: Nicholas Walsh SCO
Assistant Referee 1: Daniel McFarlane SCO
Assistant Referee 2: Ross Macleod SCO
Fourth Official: Matthew MacDermid SCO
VAR: Andrew Dallas SCO
AVAR: Steven McLean SCO
Referee Observer: Volodymyr Petrov UKR

Türkiye – Spain
Referee: Michael Oliver ENG
Assistant Referee 1: Stuart Burt ENG
Assistant Referee 2: James Mainwaring ENG
Fourth Official: Christopher Kavanagh ENG
VAR: Jarred Gillett ENG
AVAR: Darren England ENG
Referee Observer: Antonio Damato ITA

Poland – Finland
Referee: Rade Obrenovič SVN
Assistant Referee 1: Jure Praprotnik SVN
Assistant Referee 2: Grega Kordež SVN
Fourth Official: Matej Jug SVN
VAR: Alen Borošak SVN
AVAR: Asmir Sagrković SVN
Referee Observer: Augustus Constantin ROU

Belgium – Kazakhstan
Referee: Radu Petrescu ROU
Assistant Referee 1: Radu Ghinguleac ROU
Assistant Referee 2: Mircea l Grigoriu ROU
Fourth Official: Andrei Chivulete ROU
VAR: Cătălin Popa ROU
AVAR: Marcel Bîrsan ROU
Referee Observer: Lucílio Batista POR

8 September 2025
Kosovo – Sweden
Referee: Allard Lindhout NED
Assistant Referee 1: Rogier Honig NED
Assistant Referee 2: Johan Balder NED
Fourth Official: Joey Kooij NED
VAR: Clay Ruperti NED
AVAR: Jeroen Manschot NED
Referee Observer: Stávros Tritsónis GRE

Switzerland – Slovenia
Referee: François Letexier FRA
Assistant Referee 1: Cyril Mugnier FRA
Assistant Referee 2: Mehdi Rahmouni FRA
Fourth Official: Romain Lissorgue FRA
VAR: Jérôme Brisard FRA
AVAR: Bastien Dechepy FRA
Referee Observer: Alfredo Trentalange ITA

Belarus – Scotland
Referee: Nikola Dabanović MNE
Assistant Referee 1: Vladan Todorović MNE
Assistant Referee 2: Srdjan Jovanović MNE
Fourth Official: Miloš Bošković MNE
VAR: Ivan Bebek CRO
AVAR: Mario Zebec CRO
Referee Observer: Alberto Undiano Mallenco ESP

Greece – Denmark
Referee: Donatas Rumšas LTU
Assistant Referee 1: Aleksandr Radiuš LTU
Assistant Referee 2: Dovydas Sužiedėlis LTU
Fourth Official: Robertas Valikonis LTU
VAR: Fedayi San SUI
AVAR: Donatas Šimėnas LTU
Referee Observer: David Fernández Borbalán ESP

Israel – Italy
Referee: Slavko Vinčič SVN
Assistant Referee 1: Tomaž Klančnik SVN
Assistant Referee 2: Andraž Kovačič SVN
Fourth Official: David Šmajc SVN
VAR: Christian Dingert GER
AVAR: Sascha Stegemann GER
Referee Observer: Chrístos Nikolaidis CYP

Gibraltar – Faroe Islands
Referee: Mohammed Al-Hakim SWE
Assistant Referee 1: Mehmet Culum SWE
Assistant Referee 2: Fredrik Klyver SWE
Fourth Official: Joakim Östling SWE
VAR: Jan Boterberg BEL
AVAR: Nathan Verboomen BEL
Referee Observer: João Ferreira POR

Croatia – Montenegro
Referee: Felix Zwayer GER
Assistant Referee 1: Robert Kempter GER
Assistant Referee 2: Christian Dietz GER
Fourth Official: Florian Badstübner GER
VAR: Bastian Dankert GER
AVAR: Katrin Rafalski GER
Referee Observer: Alain Sars FRA

9 September 2025
Azerbaijan – Ukraine
Referee: Vasílios Fotiás GRE
Assistant Referee 1: Andréas Meindanás GRE
Assistant Referee 2: Michaíl Papadákis GRE
Fourth Official: Anastásios Papapétrou GRE
VAR: Ángelos Evangélou GRE
AVAR: Ioánnis Papadópoulos GRE
Referee Observer: Kóstas Kapitanís CYP

Armenia – Ireland
Referee: Goga Kikacheishvili GEO
Assistant Referee 1: Davit Akhvlediani GEO
Assistant Referee 2: Davit Gabisonia GEO
Fourth Official: Giorgi Kruashvili GEO
VAR: Dennis Higler NED
AVAR: Richard Martens NED
Referee Observer: Alain Hamer LUX

France – Iceland
Referee: António Nobre POR
Assistant Referee 1: Pedro Ribeiro POR
Assistant Referee 2: Nélson Pereira POR
Fourth Official: Miguel Nogueira POR
VAR: André Narciso POR
AVAR: Fábio Melo POR
Referee Observer: William Young SCO

Hungary – Portugal
Referee: Erik Lambrechts BEL
Assistant Referee 1: Jo De Weirdt BEL
Assistant Referee 2: Kevin Monteny BEL
Fourth Official: Jasper Vergoote BEL
VAR: Bram Van Driessche BEL
AVAR: Bert Put BEL
Referee Observer: Nenad Djokić SRB

Cyprus – Romania
Referee: Matej Jug SVN
Assistant Referee 1: Matej Žunič SVN
Assistant Referee 2: Manuel Vidali SVN
Fourth Official: Rade Obrenovič SVN
VAR: Asmir Sagrković SVN
AVAR: Alen Borošak SVN
Referee Observer: Martin Hansson SWE

Bosnia and Herzegovina – Austria
Referee: Jesús Gil Manzano ESP
Assistant Referee 1: Diego Barbero Sevilla ESP
Assistant Referee 2: Ángel Nevado Rodríguez ESP
Fourth Official: Guillermo Cuadra Fernández ESP
VAR: Carlos Del Cerro Grande ESP
AVAR: Valentín Pizarro Gómez ESP
Referee Observer: Domagoj Vučkov CRO

Norway – Moldova
Referee: Balázs Berke HUN
Assistant Referee 1: Vencel Tóth HUN
Assistant Referee 2: Balázs Szert HUN
Fourth Official: Mihály Káprály HUN
VAR: Tamás Bognár HUN
AVAR: Ferenc Karakó HUN
Referee Observer: Stefan Messner AUT

Serbia – England
Referee: Clément Turpin FRA
Assistant Referee 1: Nicolas Danos FRA
Assistant Referee 2: Benjamin Pagès FRA
Fourth Official: Stéphanie Frappart FRA
VAR: Willy Delajod FRA
AVAR: Jérémie Pignard FRA
Referee Observer: Markus Nobs SUI

Albania – Latvia
Referee: Damian Sylwestrzak POL
Assistant Referee 1: Paweł Sokolnicki POL
Assistant Referee 2: Adam Karasewicz POL
Fourth Official: Damian Kos POL
VAR: Piotr Lasyk POL
AVAR: Paweł Malec POL
Referee Observer: Hannes Kaasik EST

FIFA World Cup 2026 Qualifiers – UEFA (Matchday 5)

4 September 2025

Georgia – Türkiye
Referee: Davide Massa ITA (photo)
Assistant Referee 1: Filippo Meli ITA
Assistant Referee 2: Stefano Alassio ITA
Fourth Official: Matteo Marcenaro ITA
VAR: Marco Di Bello ITA
AVAR: Daniele Doveri ITA
Referee Observer: Stéphane Lannoy FRA

Kazakhstan – Wales
Referee: Alejandro Hernández Hernández ESP
Assistant Referee 1: José Naranjo Pérez ESP
Assistant Referee 2: Diego Sánchez Rojo ESP
Fourth Official: José Munuera Montero ESP
VAR: César Soto Grado ESP
AVAR: Alejandro Muñiz Ruiz ESP
Referee Observer: Cüneyt Çakir TUR

Lithuania – Malta
Referee: Giorgi Kruashvili GEO
Assistant Referee 1: Levan Varamishvili GEO
Assistant Referee 2: Zaza Pipia GEO
Fourth Official: Goga Kikacheishvili GEO
VAR: Tamás Bognár HUN
AVAR: Bakur Ninua GEO
Referee Observer: Ognjen Valjić BIH

Slovakia – Germany
Referee: Serdar Gözübüyük NE
Assistant Referee 1: Erwin Zeinstra NED
Assistant Referee 2: Patrick Inia NED
Fourth Official: Joey Kooij NED
VAR: Pol van Boekel NED
AVAR: Erwin Blank NED
Referee Observer: Carlos Velasco Carballo ESP

Luxembourg – Northern Ireland
Referee: Andris Treimanis LVA
Assistant Referee 1: Haralds Gudermanis LVA
Assistant Referee 2: Aleksejs Spasjonņikovs LVA
Fourth Official: Edgars Maļcevs LVA
VAR: Kristaps Ratnieks LVA
AVAR: Vitalijs Spasjonņikovs LVA
Referee Observer: Luis Medina Cantalejo ESP

Bulgaria – Spain
Referee: Srdjan Jovanović SRB
Assistant Referee 1: Uroš Stojković SRB
Assistant Referee 2: Milan Mihajlović SRB
Fourth Official: Novak Simović SRB
VAR: Momčilo Marković SRB
AVAR: Jelena Cvetković SRB
Referee Observer: Konrad Plautz AUT

Netherlands – Poland
Referee: Simone Sozza ITA
Assistant Referee 1: Daniele Bindoni ITA
Assistant Referee 2: Giovanni Baccini ITA
Fourth Official: Matteo Marchetti ITA
VAR: Aleandro Di Paolo ITA
AVAR: Gianluca Aureliano ITA
Referee Observer: Vlado Svilokos CRO

Liechtenstein – Belgium
Referee: Morten Krogh DEN
Assistant Referee 1: Dennis Rasmussen DEN
Assistant Referee 2: Steffen Bramsen DEN
Fourth Official: Mikkel Redder DEN
VAR: Jonas Hansen DEN
AVAR: Sandi Putros DEN
Referee Observer: Martin Atkinson ENG

5 September 2025
Switzerland – Kosovo
Referee: Szymon Marciniak POL
Assistant Referee 1: Tomasz Listkiewicz POL
Assistant Referee 2: Adam Kupsik POL
Fourth Official: Paweł Raczkowski POL
VAR: Tomasz Kwiatkowski POL
AVAR: Wojciech Myć POL
Referee Observer: Juan Fernández Marín ESP

Slovenia – Sweden
Referee: José Sánchez Martínez ESP
Assistant Referee 1: Raúl Cabañero Martínez ESP
Assistant Referee 2: Iñigo Prieto López ESP
Fourth Official: Ricardo De Burgos Bengoetxea ESP
VAR: Carlos Del Cerro Grande ESP
AVAR: Javier Iglesias Villanueva ESP
Referee Observer: Pascal Garibian FRA

Denmark – Scotland
Referee: Daniel Siebert GER
Assistant Referee 1: Jan Seidel GER
Assistant Referee 2: Rafael Foltyn GER
Fourth Official: Sascha Stegemann GER
VAR: Christian Dingert GER
AVAR: Robert Schröder GER
Referee Observer: Viktor Kassai HUN

Greece – Belarus
Referee: Jarred Gillett ENG
Assistant Referee 1: Simon Bennett ENG
Assistant Referee 2: Daniel Robathan ENG
Fourth Official: Samuel Barrott ENG
VAR: John Brooks ENG
AVAR: Darren England ENG
Referee Observer: Stefan Johannesson SWE

Ukraine – France
Referee: Danny Makkelie NED
Assistant Referee 1: Hessel Steegstra NED
Assistant Referee 2: Jan de Vries NED
Fourth Official: Allard Lindhout NED
VAR: Dennis Higler NED
AVAR: Richard Martens
Referee Observer: Shmuel Shteif ISR

Iceland – Azerbaijan
Referee: Sander van der Eijk NED
Assistant Referee 1: Rens Bluemink NED
Assistant Referee 2: Stefan de Groot NED
Fourth Official: Marc Nagtegaal NED
VAR: Jeroen Manschot NED
AVAR: Clay Ruperti NED
Referee Observer: Thomas Einwaller AUT

Moldova – Israel
Referee: John Beaton SCO
Assistant Referee 1: David McGeachie SCO
Assistant Referee 2: Graeme Stewart SCO
Fourth Official: David Dickinson SCO
VAR: Kevin Clancy SCO
AVAR: Andrew Dallas SCO
Referee Observer: Karen Nalbandyan ARM

Italy – Estonia
Referee: João Pinheiro POR
Assistant Referee 1: Bruno Jesus POR
Assistant Referee 2: Luciano Maia POR
Fourth Official: João Gonçalves POR
VAR: Tiago Martins POR
AVAR: Bruno Esteves POR
Referee Observer: Darko Čeferin SVN

Montenegro – Czechia
Referee: Marco Guida ITA
Assistant Referee 1: Giorgio Peretti ITA
Assistant Referee 2: Giuseppe Perrotti ITA
Fourth Official: Andrea Colombo ITA
VAR: Michael Fabbri ITA
AVAR: Valerio Marini ITA
Referee Observer: Tomasz Mikulski POL

Faroe Islands – Croatia
Referee: Kristo Tohver EST
Assistant Referee 1: Silver Kõiv EST
Assistant Referee 2: Sander Saga EST
Fourth Official: Karl Koppel EST
VAR: Fedayi San SUI
AVAR: Joonas Jaanovits EST
Referee Observer: Sascha Amhof SUI

6 September 2025
Latvia – Serbia
Referee: Julian Weinberger AUT
Assistant Referee 1: Andreas Heidenreich AUT
Assistant Referee 2: Maximilian Kolbitsch AUT
Fourth Official: Stefan Ebner AUT
VAR: Alan Kijas AUT
AVAR: Manuel Schüttengruber AUT
Referee Observer: Petteri Kari FIN

Armenia – Portugal
Referee: Anthony Taylor ENG
Assistant Referee 1: Gary Beswick ENG
Assistant Referee 2: Adam Nunn ENG
Fourth Official: Robert Jones ENG
VAR: Peter Bankes ENG
AVAR: Stuart Attwell ENG
Referee Observer: Drago Kos SVN

England – Andorra
Referee: Mohammad Al-Emara FIN
Assistant Referee 1: Turkka Valjakka FIN
Assistant Referee 2: Mika Lamppu FIN
Fourth Official: Peiman Simani FIN
VAR: Bram Van Driessche BEL
AVAR: Bert Put BEL
Referee Observer: Terje Hauge NOR

Ireland – Hungary
Referee: Harm Osmers GER
Assistant Referee 1: Lasse Koslowski GER
Assistant Referee 2: Eduard Beitinger GER
Fourth Official: Daniel Schlager GER
VAR: Benjamin Brand GER
AVAR: Katrin Rafalski GER
Referee Observer: Carlos Clos Gómez ESP

San Marino – Bosnia and Herzegovina
Referee: Enea Jorgji ALB
Assistant Referee 1: Denis Rexha ALB
Assistant Referee 2: Ridiger Çokaj ALB
Fourth Official: Florian Lata ALB
VAR: Kreshnik Bajramaj ALB
AVAR: Juxhin Xhaja ALB
Referee Observer: Levan Paniashvili GEO

Austria – Cyprus
Referee: Jakob Kehlet DEN
Assistant Referee 1: Lars Hummelgaard DEN
Assistant Referee 2: Martin Markus DEN
Fourth Official: Jakob Sundberg DEN
VAR: Jonas Hansen DEN
AVAR: Sandi Putros DEN
Referee Observer: Stephen Tanner ENG